Clouds ‘could make climate change even worse over the long term’, study warns

Climate change is likely to produce high-flying clouds which will amplify the greenhouse effect - and could make global heating even worse.

The research suggests that clouds will worsen the effects of climate change - meaning that the climate is unlikely to warm below 2°C, and is more likely on average to warm more than 3°C.

The consequences of such a temperature rise could be devastating.

The research, by scientists at Imperial College London and the University of East Anglia, is the strongest evidence yet that clouds will amplify global heating over the long term.

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Low clouds tend to have a cooling effect, as they block the sun from reaching the ground.

High clouds have a warming effect, as while they let solar energy reach the ground, the energy emitted by Earth can be trapped by the clouds, enhancing the greenhouse effect.

Researchers used a new kind of analysis of satellite observations and found that it was very likely (more than 97.5% probability) that clouds will amplify global heating, by both reflecting less solar radiation and enhancing the greenhouse effect.

These results also suggest that a doubling of CO2 concentrations will lead to around 3.2°C of warming.

The results, published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, also suggest that at double atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations above pre-industrial levels, the climate is unlikely to warm below 2°C, and is more likely on average to warm more than 3°C.

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Pre-industrial CO2 levels were around 280 ppm (parts per million), but current levels are approaching 420 ppm, and could approach double the pre-industrial amount by mid-century if significant emissions cuts are not made.

Co-author Dr Paulo Ceppi, from the Grantham Institute - Climate Change and the Environment at Imperial, said: "The value of the climate sensitivity is highly uncertain, and this translates into uncertainty in future global warming projections and in the remaining 'carbon budget' - how much we can emit before we reach common targets of 1.5°C or 2°C of global warming.

"There is therefore a critical need to more accurately quantify how clouds will affect future global warming.

“Our results will mean we are more confident in climate projections and we can get a clearer picture of the severity of future climate change. This should help us know our limits — and take action to stay within them."

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Co-author Dr Peer Nowack, from the School of Environmental Sciences and Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia and Imperial's Grantham Institute and Data Science Institute, said: "Over the last few years, there's been a growing amount of evidence that clouds probably have an amplifying effect on global warming.

"However, our new approach allowed us for the first time to derive a global value for this feedback effect using only the highest quality satellite data as our preferred line of evidence.

"Our paper makes a major step towards narrowing the most important uncertainty factor in climate sensitivity projections. As such, our work also highlights a new pathway in which machine learning methods can help us constrain the key remaining uncertainty factors in climate science."

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